Problem:
Backend layout/functionality - change how custom field displays on post add/edit screens

Solution:
I'm afraid that there in no such way to customize the custom fields as per the screenshot you shared and its even in backend.

It purely requires custom programming in backend to display such layout to edit custom fields.

If you need custom programming for your project, you may would like to contact our certified partners:
=> https://toolset.com/contractors/

Relevant Documentation:

Question: It seems that Access permissions like Edit Own are not enforced when calling update_post_meta, is that correct?

Answer: Yes, this is correct. Custom code implementations should utilize current_user_can to compare capabilities before calling update_post_meta, etc. directly.