I want to display the full-size featured image on desktop and a smaller size (medium or thumbnail) on mobile devices. However, there is no built-in way to modify the [wpv-post-featured-image] shortcode to serve different image sizes based on screen size.
Solution:
Use two instances of the shortcode: one for desktop and one for mobile. Wrap each instance in a DIV with specific CSS classes, then apply CSS media queries to show or hide them based on screen width. The hidden image will not significantly affect performance due to modern browser optimization.