Problem: I would like my Users to select one parent post, then have that parent post applied to a post relationship filter in each View they visit on the site until they choose another parent post.
Solution: You can store the selected parent post ID in a custom field on the User's profile, then use a shortcode attribute to pass that value into a post relationship query filter using a View shortcode attribute.
I was wondering how I would go about populating a dropdown list (Select Custom Field) with a list of published pages. I've had success in the past creating a dropdown list of custom post types, but when I try to use the 'post_type' => 'page' it doesn't seem to be working.
Solution:
To get WordPress built-in pages, please try WordPress function get_pages().