It seems like the only context where it works is directly within the wpv-loop tags of a View.
You are trying to add the elementor shortcode to a content template.
You could try inserting a View into that template where you pass the current post id as a shortcode attribute to the View and the View includes a post id filter that takes its value from that shortcode attribute (so that the View is querying the same post being displayed by the content template), and then add your elementor shortcode to the output section of that View.
I haven't tested it, but that seems like the only scenario where that could work...