I am working on a magazine-style website. The client has their issues set up based on category. I have created a custom post type called "Issues" and created a parent/child relationship with all the articles in the issue.
On individual articles, I would like to show related posts specific to the issue it belongs to, not related posts from anything on the whole site.
The key here is that you can add a filter to a View to output posts which are children of the current post. But when you are viewing a child post, the parent post is not the current post. For the parent post to be the current post, you create a Content Template for the parent post type and add that to your child post content template, referencing it using the id attribute.
It will hopefully make sense when you read through the docs, but if you have a problem, let me know.