It seems that you don't have a custom field created called "Post-ID". The shortcode below assumes that there is a custom field setup called "wpv-post-id".
[cred_field field='wpv-post-id' class='form-control' output='bootstrap' select_text='--- not set ---' required='false' value='[wpv-post-id]']
Is this field created on your post itself and you just want to populate it dynamically ?
Please let me know and we can take it from there. Also send me a screenshot of the field.
" it's just the parent post, so the native WordPress post ID for that post?"
Yes I understand this, however you want to get the ID of that post into the form.
The form itself needs a place to store this id. You are getting this error here "There is a problem with post-id field. Please check CRED form." because there is not field on the post type called post-id. Each form field must have their respective matching custom field created on the Post Type itself.
Perhaps you can try creating a Generic field on the form and use the same [wpv-post-id] shortcode to pass the current post ID into that generic form field.