Hi Julia
This turns out to be frustratingly difficult, and so I'm not surprised you have had problems.
When outputting taxonomy terms and their fields, there are shortcodes where the taxonomy comes from those assigned to a post (e.g. wpv-post-taxonomy), and shortcodes where the taxonomy term is the current object (e.g. wpv-taxonomy-field), such as when you have a View which queries taxonomy terms and iterates over them, rather than the conventional posts View which queries and iterates over posts.
In your posts View in the Loop Output section you can use wpv-post-taxonomy to output the term description, which it takes from the current post in the loop (which must, because of your query filter, have the term assigned).
But if you move that shortcode before the Loop, the context is no longer a matching post, but the page where the View is inserted, which doesn't have the taxonomy term assigned.
In which case, you would need to create the right context. I would say here that you need to create a second View, this time a View which queries your art category taxonomy, and which uses the same URL parameter (wpvartcategory) to specify the term, and then in the output section you can output whatever details you like from that taxonomy term, including its description.
But. Your post View filters the taxonomy term slug according to the URL parameter, whereas the filter in a Taxonomy View filters the term ID with a URL parameter. You can't use the same parameter for each, your link to this page would have to include two parameters, one that specified the term as a slug, another that specified the same as a term ID.
You could do that and it will work.
An alternative would be to make a duplicate of the View you already have, using the same Query Filter, but adding a limit setting of 1 (so that only one post is returned). Output your taxonomy fields, including the description, using wpv-post-taxonomy inside the Loop Output section. So the description will be output only once.
Then insert this View into your first View, before the Loop Output section.
Slightly contrived, but either of these methods should work.