Before making any kind of changes related to translating the terms, I made your site as "vanilla" as possible, switching theme to twentytwentyone and disabling most non-Toolset or WPML plugins, except for WooCommerce and "WooThumbs for WooCommerce by Iconic", which I guess adds the product attributes for the icons.
I'm not sure how you created templates for products—not with Toolset, it seems—so I created a Content Template for Single Products, and added your View product-icons to it, as well as a similar View I created myself for testing.
On that basis I was able to determine that the problem occurs because of the ordering setting of your View.
It is set to order by a term meta field "order".
Changing that to, say, order by the term name resolves the problem.
Where on the Dutch page it shows a message that there are no icons to display, the reason is how ordering affects WordPress queries (actually, the underlying mySQL queries), namely that if there is no value for the thing being used to order results then that post (or in this case, taxonomy term) is not included in the query results.
That means that in the original language there are values being reported for the order term meta, but in Dutch no values are being returned.
I need to look into this a little further to understand whether the problem relates to the WPML settings—is there a setting we can change so that values are reported for the term meta field in Dutch—or whether it relates to how Views formulates the query.
Can I ask, where are these order term meta fields set up, and have you done anything particular in terms of applying settings to them in WPML?