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I assume you are editing the template for music styles, and you want to display instruments related to the current music style.
So, while editing your template, you insert a View block, choose instruments for the content selection, and then (with the View block itself selected, rather than one of the inner blocks) in the sidebar add a Query Filter, to show related posts from this relationship related to the page where this View is shown.
(I don't think the preview updates in the backend with the related posts, but check the front end and you should see the correct posts.)
Regarding the documentation, the current development cycle is actually focused on making displaying related posts much more intuitive (and the documentation redundant).
I'm not sure what the problem is, I just checked on my local test site and it is working as expected, the fields of the related posts are available (whether I'm using the Single Field block or the Fields and Text block which it looks like you are using).
Could I get access to your site to see if I can spot the problem?
Let me mark your next reply as private so that I can get log-in credentials from you—you may want to create a temporary admin user for me to use that you can later delete. And be sure to have a current backup of your site.
The View is inserted in the template for music styles, is that right?
I can see that some of the fields for instruments are available, but not all (screenshot).
There also appears to be a problem with the View not updating when the post preview selection is changed.
It will be easier for me to try and debug this locally, so I've taken a copy of your site and I'll report back when I have it up and running here and can determine what the issue is.
I need to escalate this so that second tier can take a deeper look.
It's not just that some of the custom fields are missing when trying to display related posts in a View, if you make a template for Instruments themselves and try to output the fields using a Single Field block you have the same problem, they are just not available as dynamic sources.
I've stripped back your site to the bare essentials needed to demonstrate the problem and passed on that version of your site.
I'm feeling a little sheep-ish, but, then, maybe not because it's not exactly intuitive.
Your field group contains four fields. Two of these accept only single values, two of them accept multiple values.
When you use the Single Field block to insert a field, you can only use it to insert fields that accept single values. Hence in my screenshot it showed only "More information" and "Music notation" fields offered.
To insert the Byline and Audio Example fields (which can accept multiple values) you need to use the Repeating Field block to add those fields.
(I'm proposing changes to this to the dev's right now.)
By the way, you can use the Fields and Text block which has the Fields and Views button you may be familiar with from the classic editor which you could use to insert any field, without having to first think whether they accepted multiple values or not.
Can you try again mixing the Single Field and Repeating Field blocks as required (or using the Fields and Text block)?
I wish I could, but this is so counter-intuitive it's really bad. As I said, in Drupal this is a 2 minute query. In SQL it's a 30 second to write query. This REALLY needs to change.
That screenshot shows you trying to select custom fields, not instruments.
You already chose instruments for the post type returned by the View didn't you?
And added a Query Filter to limit the results to instruments related to the current music style?
So this View has queried and returned related instrument posts, and will iterate over the results in the output section.
If you want to output the name of an instrument, well, that is the title of the post, and you can use the Single Field block to output that standard field (or maybe use a heading block to output it using dynamic source).
If you want to output the custom fields from the instrument then that's where you are at with your screenshot. Using the Single Field block to output a custom field. Your instrument post type has the Music Styles Fields field group assigned to it, so that's what is being presented to you in the dropdown.
Instruments doesn't even show up. And no, it returns music styles post title. Remember, it's a music style, that needs to display instruments, not music styles. Even you are getting confused.
As I said, way, way, way to confusing and complicated. I'll mess with it more tomorrow.
I'm not having any problems doing this on my local copy of your site.
In the screenshot I'm editing the content tempate for music styles, it's using Punto Guajiro to preview, it has found a related instrument that I'm outputting the post title of (Cuban Laud).
I'm outputting a single field with the Single Field block (Cuban Laud Tuning), and a repeating field with the Repeating Field block (byline = John Griffin).
Obviously the output is crude, this just demonstrates it is working.
Do you want me to try the same on the site on your server?