OK, the fix didn't help, so I had to roll up my sleeves to dig into the issue.
I found the reason why this happens to some images but not others.
You are likely aware that when you upload images to WordPress it automatically generates different images sizes, which you can see if you check the wp-content/uploads directory.
With a default theme when I uploaded the file captain_underpants.png on my test site, it automatically generated these images, too:
captain_underpants-150x150.png
captain_underpants-300x194.png
captain_underpants-768x497.png
When Toolset is outputting an image it needs to identify the attachment post created when the image was uploaded to the media directory (that's where the text is stored), and to do that it takes the image name and strips it of any size information (e.g. strips -768x497) to get back to the original image name, i.e. captain_underpants.png in the example above.
So this is where things go wrong with some of your images.
It seems that you have uploaded images to the media library that already have height and width in the filename in the same format.
So, using some specific example from your site, you uploaded an image with the name N-150M-MRM-282x380-1.png.
WordPress then generated different sizes, like so:
N-150M-MRM-282x380-1-150x150.png
N-150M-MRM-282x380-1-223x300.png
(It's a small image already, so it didn't generate larger sizes.)
Now when Toolset strips the size details to get back to the original name it arrives at N-150M-MRM-1.png, but there is no such image and so attempts to locate the corresponding attachment post with the image texts fail.
I am going to raise this with the developers—it should be possible to improve upon the regular expressions used for this so that it only strips out the size parameters added by WordPress—but in the meantime if you want to fix it on your site, I suggest you delete such images from the media library and then re-upload versions of the image with "normal" filenames that don't already include the size parameters.
Oh, and a reminder that you don't need the WPML Media plugin on your site, I recommend you remove it.