You'd need to write a custom script for this in PHP.
You can use the wpv_field_options filter to modify the options that appear in a Types select custom field.
So you would make a select custom field.
You would hook into the generation of the select dropdown using the wpv_field_options filter, and then perform a query (e.g. use get_posts) to get the posts whose titles you want to offer, iterate over them to produce an array of options in the required format, and return the array.